The upper facilities of polar marine equipment face severe freezing risks in ice-covered regions, necessitating energy-efficient electric heat tracing design. Existing models neglect coupled environmental factors (temperature–wind–humidity), leading to the overestimation of heating power. In this paper, experiment and CFD simulation are used to study the change of convective heat transfer coefficients of electric tracing circu...

In order to effectively deal with collisions in various encounter situations in open water environments, a ship collision avoidance model was established, and multiple constraints were introduced into the velocity obstacle method, a method to determine the ship domain by calculating the safe distance of approach was proposed. At the same time, the ship collision avoidance model based on the ship domain is analyzed, and the rel...