Background Organophosphate (OP) compounds are widely used agricultural chemicals that pose significant public health and chemical threat concerns due to their neurotoxic effects. Although OP toxicity has classically been attributed to acetylcholinesterase inhibition and cholinergic crisis, emerging evidence suggests mitochondrial dysfunction may represent an additional and clinically relevant mechanism of injury. Experimental...

Effective and cost-efficient monitoring is crucial in wetland management strategies. Large-scale surveys are time-consuming and uneconomical. Therefore, choosing between smaller-scale or alternative surveys is an important consideration in monitoring strategies. Indicator species (IS) are single species or a small number of target species that use specific characteristics as proxies or paradigms to represent community status o...