While previous research on environmental efficiency examines data from the annual reports of shipping companies, this study takes a novel approach. It applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) and backcasting theory to assess environmental efficiency and plan the transition to cleaner fuels among global container shipping companies. Companies are categorized as first movers, second movers, and last movers based on their environm...

Benzyl benzoate (BB) is widely used in the food, cosmetics, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries and is discharged into the aquatic environment via various water sources, including wastewater. Research on the bioaccumulation and possible toxicity of BB has been conducted, but the biochemical responses to BB toxicity are not fully understood, and the specific molecular pathways by which BB causes toxicity remain unknown....