Background and aims Peat replacement with biochar (BC) offers a sustainable strategy in horticultural substrates but its effects on plant nitrogen (N) metabolism and N use efficiency (NUE) remain unclear. This study tested whether vineyard-pruning-derived BC can boost NUE and metabolic activity in lettuce, providing a pathway toward more productive and sustainable horticulture. Methods Plant substrates (BC, peat and vermiculit...

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of two carbon (C)-rich carrier materials derived from agricultural residues, spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and composted wheat straw (CWS) for enhancing soil carbon stabilization in an Andisol, with a view towards their future application in smart fertilizer design. We investigated how their contrasting nitrogen contents and application rates affect soil organic carbon dynamics and c...