The rapid population growth of whooper swan Cygnus cygnus in Fennoscandia raises concerns about their ecological impact on freshwater wetlands. As large herbivores, swans can potentially alter wetland vegetation through intensive grazing, which in turn suggestively affects other trophic levels, including aquatic macroinvertebrates. However, studies examining both direct and indirect effects across trophic levels remain limited...

Goose and swan populations have increased concurrently with environmental degradation of wetlands, such as eutrophication, vegetation losses, and decrease in biodiversity. An important question is whether geese and swans contribute to such changes or if they instead benefit from them. We collected data from 37 wetlands in southern Sweden April − July 2021 to study relationships between geese, swans and other waterbird guilds,...