Arctic shipping lanes are gradually opening, creating an urgent demand for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) capable of safe and efficient navigation in drifting-ice environments. However, dense, highly dynamic sea ice poses significant challenges for existing obstacle-avoidance approaches. This study proposes a dynamically weighted hybrid obstacle avoidance algorithm integrating an improved VO module and an enhanced APF module...

We analyze, for the first time in the oceanographic literature, pH over the top ~10 m of the sediment (down to 11.9 m) in a deep-sea environment, together with the oxidation/reduction potential and concentrations of solid organic carbon (OC) and CaCO 3 . A total of 1157 sediment cores were collected from years 2000 to 2011 over >300,000 km 2 in the South China Sea, at water depths up to 3702 m. We found that there were marked...