In harsh marine environments, vessel energy storage systems (VESS) face elevated thermal runaway (TR) risk, yet practical early warning remains difficult because early voltage differences between TR high-risk cells and normal cells are often weak, warning thresholds vary across operating segments, and decisions relying on a single feature are prone to false or missed warnings. To overcome these difficulties, this study develop...

A hybrid ship uses integrated generators, an energy storage system (ESS), and photovoltaics (PV) to match its propulsion and service loads, and together with optimal power and voyage scheduling, this can lead to a substantial improvement in ship operation cost, ensuring compliance with the environmental constraints and enhancing ship sustainability. During the operation, significant uncertainties such as waves, wind, and PV re...