The original formulation of the conceptual model of a high-rate algal pond (HRAP) treating wastewater was represented as a black box with two inputs (organic waste and solar energy) and two outputs (biomass and treated wastewater). Bacterial oxidation and algal photosynthesis are the two services that provide wastewater processing capabilities. The conceptual model, referred to here as HRAPv1, has enabled the establishment of...

Bilgewater is a mixture of oil, water, suspended solids, and other contaminants that collects in the lower inside areas of marine vessels and its discharge into the marine environment contributes to ocean pollution. Due to its complex composition and ecological impacts, effective management is critical. This systematic review examined existing research on bilgewater composition and assesses available treatment technologies to...

Microcystin, a potent cyanobacterial toxin, poses a potential health risk to humans through exposure to recycled water used for food crop irrigation. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on microcystin uptake and accumulation in various food crops, assessing associated health risks based on reported toxin levels and tolerable daily intake values. The impact of wastewater irrigation on microcystin uptake is a...