Cryopreservation of fish sperm is a key technique for enhancing aquaculture productivity, maintaining genetic diversity, and ensuring reliable seed supply. This review highlights recent advances in cryoprotectants use, particularly, the synergistic roles of natural and synthetic cryoprotectants, including their interplay as permeating and nonpermeating agents, in optimizing sperm viability. Groupers ( Epinephelus spp.), import...