The aquaculture industry needs a simple, inexpensive and safe method for the treatment of fish waste without heat. Microbial inactivation by inorganic acid (HCl) or base ( KOH ) was determined using infectious pancreatic necrosis virus ( IPNV ) as a model organism for fish pathogens. Salmonella and spores of Clostridium perfringens were general hygiene indicators in supplementary examinations. IPNV , which is considered to be...

A prospective longitudinal study was performed on three cages at each of three Norwegian Atlantic salmon seawater sites that experienced outbreaks of pancreas disease (PD). Once salmonid alphavirus (SAV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) was detected by real‐time RT‐PCR (Rt RT‐PCR) at a site, it became detected in all studied cages and was persistently found until the end of the study period up to 19 months after first detection. SAV‐spe...

Following a natural outbreak of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) at a commercial farm in Norway, surviving Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus , were sequentially studied for distribution of nodavirus, immune response and histopathology over 1 year. Typical clinical signs and histopathology of VER were observed during the acute stage of the disease. Most of the surviving fish became subclinical carriers of no...