Over 35 years ago, the influential Ocean Storms Experiment (OSE) in the Northeast Pacific documented, for the first time, the generation of near-inertial waves (NIWs) by a storm and the subsequent radiation of the waves away from the forcing. The NIWs were observed to radiate equatorward and downward, consistent with the theory of β-refraction, which attributes such NIW propagation to the gradient in Earth’s planetary vorticit...

Summary Lateral gene transfer ( LGT ) has been crucial in the evolution of the cholera pathogen, V ibrio cholerae . The two major virulence factors are present on two different mobile genetic elements, a bacteriophage containing the cholera toxin genes and a genomic island ( GI ) containing the intestinal adhesin genes. Non‐toxigenic V . cholerae in the aquatic environment are a major source of novel DNA that allows the pathog...