This study presents an integrated framework combining water vapor (WV) imagery, simulated water vapor (SWV), and potential vorticity (PV) diagnostics to systematically identify errors in numerical weather prediction (NWP). The analysis employs a radiance-space comparison among Geo-Kompsat-2A (GK2A) WV observations, model-simulated WV fields, and dynamically coherent PV structures. Model-equivalent WV images were generated from...

Accurate prediction of ship roll motion is essential for safe and autonomous navigation. This study presents a deep learning framework that estimates both roll motion and epistemic uncertainty using Monte Carlo (MC) Dropout. Two architectures, a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network and a Transformer encoder, were trained on HydroD–Wasim simulations covering various sea states, speeds, and damage conditions, and validated with...

Rice cultivation is a significant source of agricultural methane (CH₄), yet routine quantification still relies heavily on gas chromatography (GC), which limits throughput and field deployment. Here, we evaluated a portable tunable-diode-laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) detector (PMD) as an alternative to GC for measuring CH₄ released from pot-grown rice plants under field conditions. Weekly closed-chamber samples from fi...