The intense heatwaves of 2024 and the summer of 2025 underscored Brazil's vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather events. Our results show that 2024 recorded a higher number of hot spells, particularly in subtropical Brazil, while in 2023 the intensity of heatwaves was greater. During the summer of 2025, air temperatures in large parts of southern Brazil exceeded 40°C, reflecting the extreme heatwave conditions in...

Vegetation cover creates competing effects on land surface temperature: it typically cools through enhancing energy dissipation and warms via decreasing surface albedo. Global vegetation has been previously found to overall net cool land surfaces with cooling contributions from temperate and tropical vegetation and warming contributions from boreal vegetation. Recent studies suggest that dryland vegetation across the tropics s...

The frequency of sea surges in Venice has increased during the 20th century, and the trend has been particularly pronounced in the last four decades. However, the time series of independent surge events (i.e. events separated by at least 1 week) has remained nearly stationary during that period. This suggests that, although the sea level rise (due to global warming and human activity in the region) is leading to more multiple...