Polymicrobial communities impose a great challenge for clinical management of chronic infections. It is a consensus now that microbes exist as aggregated colonies shielded within polymeric matrix. Within this matrix more than one bacterial species can exist either in symbiotic or rival relationships. Herein, we investigated the host-specific interspecies interactions between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in...

The measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels provides critical insights into cell health and pathophysiology. Here, we present a semi-quantitative, plate reader-based protocol using CellROX Green that can be used for the real-time measurement of general ROS levels of viable suspension mammalian cells. With menadione being the oxidative stress inducer, a cell concentration of 100,000 cells per well, a C...

Despite Saudi Arabia being an interesting area from a floristic perspective, its vegetation is still relatively poorly studied. This certainly applies to the Hijaz Mountains and adjacent coastal zones. We aim to describe the flora and vegetation of the foothills of the Hijaz Mountains regarding the environmental conditions. Hijaz Mountains and adjacent coastal zones, Saudi Arabia. We studied the vegetation at the Hijaz Mountai...

Drought, widely studied as an important driver of ecosystem dynamics, is predicted to increase in frequency and severity globally. To study drought, ecologists must define or at least operationalize what constitutes a drought. How this is accomplished in practice is unclear, particularly given that climatologists have long struggled to agree on definitions of drought, beyond general variants of “an abnormal deficiency of water...