Extracellular nucleotides act as danger signals that orchestrate inflammation by purinergic receptor activation. The expression pattern of different purinergic receptors may correlate with a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype. Macrophages function as pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages (M1) or anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages (M2). The present study found that murine bone marrow-derived macrophages express a unique purinergic rec...

In this study, a first comparative investigation of all four species of Petrocephalus ( P. bovei , P. bane , P. soudanensis and P. cf. pallidomaculatus ) present in the Upper Volta system and their electric organ discharges (EOD) was conducted. It was found that P. bovei was the most widespread (in terms of habitat use), but in several places P. bovei , P. soudanensis and P. cf. pallidomaculatus occurred syntopically. All spec...