For species that do not over‐winter, an essential part of the life cycle is the production of diapausing eggs. We use sequential sediment traps in southern Lake Michigan (1997‐2000) to capture settling Daphnia ephippia and sediments, characterizing ephippial production and sediment interactions during hazardous conditions. Each year, there was an enormous pulse of D. mendotae ephippia (ca. 7.2 × 10 13 ephippia, 1.2 × 10 14 dia...

Survival to hatching was determined after electroshocking embryos of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides , bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus . Embryos at different developmental stages were exposed for 20 s to homogeneous electric fields (4–16 V cm −1 ) of direct current (DC) or 60 or 120 Hz pulsed direct current (PDC) in water of 100 μS cm −1 ambient conductivity. For all species, DC reduc...