Glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) initiate with the rapid outburst of a glacier lake, endangering downstream populations, land, and infrastructure. The flow initiates as a mud flow; however, with the entrainment of additional solid material, the flood will often transform into a debris flow. As the run-out slope flattens, the coarse solid material deposits and the flow de-waters. The flow transforms back into a muddy, hyper...

We formulate and test different Voellmy-type mixture rheologies that can be introduced into two-layer debris flow models. The formulations are based on experimental data from the Swiss Illgraben test site as well as on mathematical constraints in steady flow conditions. In agreement with the ideas of Iverson, we show that the uniform, fixed rheological models cannot accurately represent the changing frictional resistance when...

Climate change and ocean acidification are altering marine ecosystems and, from a human perspective, creating both winners and losers. Human responses to these changes are complex, but may result in reduced government investments in regulation, resource management, monitoring and enforcement. Moreover, a lack of peoples’ experience of climate change may drive some towards attributing the symptoms of climate change to more fami...

Next‐generation sequencing and the collection of genome‐wide data allow identifying adaptive variation and footprints of directional selection. Using a large SNP data set from 259 RAD ‐sequenced E uropean eel individuals (glass eels) from eight locations between 34 and 64 o N, we examined the patterns of genome‐wide genetic diversity across locations. We tested for local selection by searching for increased population differen...

Forage fish play a pivotal role in marine ecosystems and economies worldwide by sustaining many predators and fisheries directly and indirectly. We estimate global forage fish contributions to marine ecosystems through a synthesis of 72 published E copath models from around the world. Three distinct contributions of forage fish were examined: (i) the ecological support service of forage fish to predators in marine ecosystems,...

Maternal effects are increasingly recognized as important drivers of population dynamics and determinants of evolutionary trajectories. Recently, there has been a proliferation of studies finding or citing a positive relationship between maternal size/age and offspring size or offspring quality. The relationship between maternal phenotype and offspring size is intriguing in that it is unclear why young mothers should produce o...