The production of high-purity mRNA drug substances by in vitro transcription utilizing T7 RNA polymerase can be challenging due to the formation of product related impurities. These include double-stranded RNA, fragmented mRNA, and uncapped transcripts. This review examines the known mechanisms underlying the formation of the major mRNA impurities during in vitro transcription (IVT), their biological impact and strategies for...

Objective and design Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) is one of the leading causes of human respiratory tract infections. The function of Staphylococcal protein A (SpA), expressed on the S. aureus bacterial membrane and released in the environment, on human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we tested the SpA expression in S. aureus from chronic rhinosinusitis patients and investig...

Plant functional traits and strategies hold the promise to explain species distribution, but few studies have linked multiple traits to multiple niche dimensions (i.e., light, water, and nutrients). Here, we analyzed for 29 liana species in a Chinese tropical seasonal rainforest how: (1) trait associations and trade-offs lead to different plant strategies; and (2) how these traits shape species’ niche dimensions. Eighteen func...