Purpose Head and neck injuries remain a critical area of concern in automotive safety. To inform injury prediction tools, like crash test dummies, neck validation data are needed. While neck response information for midsize males is available, anthropometry-specific data are needed for other body shapes, including small females. The objective of this study is to characterize the neck response (head and neck kinematics and neck...

Purpose Determine the cervical and lumbar spine forces and moments generated in belted occupants in frontal impacts up to 40-km/h change in velocity ( $${\Delta }V$$ Δ V ) and assess their potential to cause spinal disc injury. Methods Loads experienced by anthropomorphic test devices, human volunteers, and human cadavers were measured in 282 impact tests. Functions were developed to describe the expected loads as functions of...