Synechococcus elongatus is a model cyanobacterium with remarkable adaptability to diverse environmental stresses, making it a promising candidate for the photoautotrophic conversion of carbon dioxide into valuable chemicals. This review explores the adaptive mechanisms that allow S. elongatus to survive under various abiotic stresses, such as changes in CO 2 levels, heavy metals, and light conditions. We also highlight recent...

Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms that play a vital role in primary production and have diverse applications in various industries. They have high photosynthetic and metabolic capacities and can produce a variety of valuable metabolites, such as lipids, carbohydrates, pigments, and proteins. However, practical applications of microalgae are limited to high-value products due to the high production costs....