Purpose To investigate the role of CYP2D6 and its pharmacogenetic variability in the association between anticholinergic burden and cognitive function in older adults. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 872 community-dwelling adults ≥ 65 years from the ActiFE-Ulm cohort. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Anticholinergic burden scores deriving from CYP2D6-metaboli...

Song evolution and revolution events recorded through time are typical cultural features for humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) populations worldwide. However, it is unknown if song dynamics are equivalent among subpopulations or breeding stocks of the South Pacific Ocean. To contribute to the understanding of the temporal song dynamics of humpback whale song off the coast of Ecuador, we analyzed acoustic richness and r...

Southern Pacific humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) breed in subtropical and tropical waters off Peru in the south to Nicaragua in the north. The effect of warming oceans on humpback whale distribution in breeding areas remains unclear. We modeled the spatial distribution of humpback whales off the coast of Ecuador in relation to environmental variables. We analyzed the temporal variability in humpback whale sighting r...

Killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) have strong social matrilineal bonds and form groups and long‐lasting associations, but little is known about their population or social structure in an equatorial setting such as the waters around the Galápagos Islands. Using 91 encounters and identification photographs from 1991 to 2017, we identified 64 killer whales of which 18 individuals were locals with high resighting rates. Group size wa...

Latitudinal preferences within the breeding range have been suggested for Breeding Stock G humpback whales that summer in different feeding areas of the eastern South Pacific. To address this hypothesis, humpback whales photo‐identified from the Antarctic Peninsula and the Fueguian Archipelago (southern Chile) were compared with whales photo‐identified from lower latitudes extending from northern Peru to Costa Rica. This compa...

Humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) are known to interfere with attacking killer whales ( Orcinus orca ). To investigate why, we reviewed accounts of 115 interactions between them. Humpbacks initiated the majority of interactions (57% vs . 43%; n = 72), although the killer whales were almost exclusively mammal‐eating forms ( MEKW s, 95%) vs . fish‐eaters (5%; n = 108). When MEKW s approached humpbacks ( n = 27), they at...

Understanding the distribution, habitat preference, and social structure of highly migratory species at important life history stages ( e.g ., breeding and calving) is essential for conservation efforts. We investigated the spatial distribution and habitat preference of humpback whale social groups and singers, in relation to depth categories ( 50 m) and substrate type (muddy and mixed) on a coastal southeastern Pacific breedi...