The recent triple-dip La Niña event from 2020 to 2023 in the equatorial Pacific, which occurred without a preceding strong El Niño, challenges the traditional understanding of multi-year La Niña dynamics governed solely by the recharge oscillator theory. This study investigates the mechanisms behind the initiation of the 2020–2023 La Niña and evaluates the predictive capabilities of a fully coupled climate model. Utilizing a m...

The rapid expansion of offshore wind energy in Korea has raised concerns among coastal fishing communities about potential changes in fish assemblages. We conducted a summer 2022 survey at the Tamra Offshore Wind Farm (Jeju, Korea), comparing turbine-adjacent and reference sites using diver-operated video (DOV), direct capture, and stereo-baited remote underwater video (stereo-BRUV). Across methods, 23 fish species were identi...