This study presents a comprehensive analysis of gymnodimine-series toxins produced by Alexandrium ostenfeldii (K- 1354) using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Three peaks with identical precursor ions but different retention times were observed, suggesting the presence of isomers identified as gymnodimines B, C, and D. Employing an integrated approach combining LC-MS/MS with electron transfer dissocia...

Copepods are a major component of metazooplankton and important prey for fish and invertebrates such as crabs, shrimps, and flatworms. Certain bloom-forming dinoflagellates can kill copepods, but there is little research on the interactions between copepods and the bloom-forming dinoflagellates Karenia bicuneiformis and K. selliformis . In this study, the survival and ingestion rates of the calanoid copepod Acartia hongi feedi...