Animal gut microbiomes—comprising bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and protozoa—are fundamental to host evolution, physiology, and ecosystem resilience. This review synthesizes 21st-century advances in their diversity, spatiotemporal dynamics, and functional roles across the animal kingdom. Although high-throughput metagenomics has transformed the field, major biases remain: most studies still focus on domesticated vertebrat...

Fishways are essential for restoring river connectivity and facilitating fish migration, necessitating ongoing research for efficiency optimization. This study developed a fish behavior model to optimize fishway efficiency cost‐effectively. The model simulates swimming trajectories of Schizothorax wangchiachii within a vertical slot fishway incorporating upstream behavior, random behavior, obstacle avoidance, and swimming spee...