As the Sun approaches the peak of its 25th activity cycle, intensified ionospheric spatial gradients near the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest pose critical challenges to GNSS positioning accuracy, particularly in low-latitude regions. Traditional network RTK systems, which rely on linear interpolation models (LIMs) to approximate ionospheric correlations between reference stations, inadequately resolve nonlinear spat...

Numerical weather models (NWMs) are important data sources for space geodetic techniques. Additionally, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) provides many observations to continuously improve and enhance the NWM. Existing comparative analysis experiments on NWM tropospheric and GNSS tropospheric delays suffer from being conducted in highly specific regions with limited spatial coverage; furthermore, the length of time...