Vitamin D (VD) is a steroid hormone, of which vitamin D 3 (VD 3 ) is the main form in fish. Fish obtain VD 3 majorly from diets, and VD 3 has been widely used in aquatic feed as feed additive. As one of the essential nutrients, VD 3 plays an indispensable role in the growth and health of fish. Due to the particularity of the fish living environment, the metabolic and physiological functions of VD 3 in fish have some difference...

The Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is a euryhaline species with optimal salinity of 20–25 practical salinity unit (psu) for growth and survival, but has been cultured in inland water with salinity DHA and EPA from LNA at low ambient salinity, but further studies are needed to further confirm this finding. Future research should focus on the understanding of physiological mechanism and adaptation associated with sali...