The southwest coast of Taiwan is vulnerable to flooding. This study investigated flood risk perception and adaptive behaviour among residents of five coastal villages in coastal Tainan City, Taiwan, through a questionnaire survey yielding 97 valid responses. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyse demographic characteristics, disaster experience, risk perception and adaptive behaviour, and to examine di...

The concentration of PM 2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter < 2.5 µm) on Sumatra Island has increased, mainly because of forest and peatland fires, transportation, and industry. Biomass burning releases partially burned carbon into the atmosphere, resulting in a smoky haze containing PM 2.5 . Air quality has deteriorated quickly, and PM 2.5 has become a major health hazard in Indonesia. Studies on long-term exposure to PM...

In Eswatini, 62.3% of households still rely on solid fuel for cooking, especially wood (61.8%). Smoke emissions during biomass burning remain the primary source of indoor air pollution, comprising pollutants detrimental to health. This study provides a quantitative exposure assessment of fuels used in the Shiselweni region with the objectives of monitoring the carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations duri...