This study investigates the impacts of two types of El Niño—Eastern Pacific (EP) and Central Pacific (CP)—on extreme precipitation occurrences across Antarctica over the 1979–2023 period. While the main analyses focus on the austral cold (May–October) and warm (November–April) seasons, the study also examines the seasonal variations in extreme precipitation across all four austral seasons—summer (DJF), autumn (MAM), winter (JJ...

The changes in the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex are influenced by various factors and exert impacts on both the weather and climate of the troposphere and the surface. In this study, we analysed the trends of the stratospheric polar vortex using the self‐organising map (SOM) method. There is a decreasing trend in the occurrence of strong polar vortices, while there is an increasing trend in the occurrence of weak polar vo...

Near‐surface wind fields in the Prydz Bay and Amery Ice Shelf region of East Antarctica play a crucial role in the formation and variability of Antarctic Bottom Water, a cold, dense water mass that sinks and spreads across the deep ocean basins influencing ocean circulation and modulating earth's climate system. This study investigates the primary modes of variability of these wind fields using the self‐organizing map (SOM) me...

This study investigates the relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean, as represented by the Southern Atlantic subtropical dipole (SASD), and SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean, identified by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Contrary to the previously held notion of a weak relationship between SASD and ENSO as suggested by earlier literature, our analysis re...

Based on statistical analyses of gridded data over the past four decades (1979–2020), we examined the teleconnection between the variability of the Antarctic sea ice and the leading modes of subtropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability known as the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole (IOSD), the South Atlantic subtropical dipole (SASD) and the South Pacific subtropical dipole (SPSD). We show that the pattern and strength...

In contrast to the declining sea ice extent across most of the Arctic in the past several decades, sea ice extent in the Antarctic has experienced opposite regional trends with regions of sea ice expansion exceeding those of contraction. Various mechanisms have been put forward to explain the Antarctic sea ice trends, but few have been successful at explaining a large portion of the observed trends. Dividing the Southern Ocean...

This study presents different characteristics of precipitation and synoptic‐scale circulation associated with extreme precipitation events in inland and coastal Antarctica. The focus is on two stations, inland Vostok and coastal Casey. We use observed daily precipitation data from years 2004–2017 to investigate and compare the statistics on precipitation at both stations. The key areas for synoptic features favouring extreme p...

Strong offshore wind events (SOWEs) occur frequently near the Antarctic coast during austral winter. These wind events are typically associated with passage of synoptic- or meso-scale cyclones, which interact with the katabatic wind field and affect sea ice and oceanic processes in coastal polynyas. Based on numerical simulations from the coupled Finite Element Sea-ice Ocean Model (FESOM) driven by the CORE-II forcing, two coa...

The most recent historic heat wave in Siberia with record‐shattering temperatures is a reflection that, as a manifestation of global warming, the Arctic is experiencing more frequent and severe warm‐temperature extremes that could have global consequences. Here, we apply the self‐organizing map (SOM) clustering method to 6‐hr data from ERA‐Interim from 1979 to 2017 to document the spatial and seasonal variations of the trends...

The relationship of the tropical Indo‐Pacific upper ocean heat content (HC) and the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset during 1980–2020 was investigated. It was found that when HC anomalies in the preceding winter–spring are positive (negative) in the eastern Indian–western Pacific Ocean or negative (positive) in the southwestern Indian Ocean and eastern Pacific Ocean, SCSSM onset is usually early (late). Empir...

This study investigates the interannual variability of wind energy resources across China and how it changes with season by applying empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses to gridded wind data from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) from January 1979 through December 2011. The first EOF mode (EOF1) represents between 22% variance for winter and 29% for summer. Spatially, the variation is largely consistent acr...

The increased extreme warm and decreased extreme cold temperature events across the Arctic strongly influence the natural environment as well as the societal activities. This study investigates temporal and spatial variability of wintertime extreme high and low temperature events defined by the 95 and 5% percentiles across the Arctic and subarctic regions, respectively (north of 60°N) using data from 238 stations in the Global...