Long-term changes in upper-air wind speed remain substantially uncertain due to the spatial and temporal sparseness of radiosonde observations. This study estimates wind speed trends at six tropospheric pressure levels (850–200 hPa) over land using global IGRA radiosonde records and six reanalysis datasets. Radiosonde observations indicate a general increase in upper troposphere over the past four decades, except Australia. In...

Offshore wind speed in China plays a key role in affecting air–sea interactions, coastal tides, and wind energy, but its changes in a warming climate and the associated causes remain unclear. Based on the ERA5 reanalysis and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models, this study evaluates the past and future variations of wind speed at 10 m (WS10) over China’s offshore seas in summer and winter. The resul...

The multidecadal variability of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (IOSST) has an important impact on both the regional Indian Ocean climate and the global climate. Here, we explore multidecadal variability in the annual IOSST. Observational analysis shows that the annual IOSST multidecadal variability is not only related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), but also to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO lead...