The relationship between herbaceous above ground biomass and species richness typically exhibits a unimodal pattern, shifting from positive under low‐precipitation conditions to negative under high‐precipitation conditions. While shrub encroachment generally reduces both herbaceous aboveground biomass and diversity, how shrubs mediate the herbaceous biomass‐richness relationship under altered precipitation regimes remains uncl...

For geotechnical structures with a strict control requirement of deformation, the high modulus and non-linear attenuation characteristics of the surrounding soil under small-strain conditions cannot be ignored during performance evaluation; the HSS constitutive model offers significant advantages over conventional approaches (e.g., Mohr–Coulomb) to describe the above soil behaviors. In this study, the theoretical framework of...