The South Atlantic subtropical underwater (STUW) is a high-salinity water mass formed by subduction within the subtropical gyre. It is a major component of the subtropical cell and affects stratification in the downstream direction due to its high salinity characteristics. Understanding the interannual variability in STUW subduction is essential for quantifying the impact of subtropical variability on the tropical Atlantic. Us...

The South Asian circulation and precipitation in spring shows a clear seasonal transition and interannual variation. We investigate how the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and Tibetan Plateau (TP) forcing affect this seasonal transition over South Asia on interannual timescale. Our results suggest that North Atlantic SST can affect the seasonal transition of South Asian monsoon via TP forcing in spring. The positi...