Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can activate immune cells and potentiate the response to immunotherapy. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway regulates the immune response and mediates T-cell receptor signaling. Activation of the MAPK signaling pathway decreases the levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and is associated with worse survival. Here, we investigated...

During liver injury, early pathological changes may go unnoticed, delaying the diagnosis until the disease has advanced to stages such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatic fibrosis is a sign of long-term liver injury that leads toward permanent liver damage. It involves the buildup of too much extracellular matrix (ECM) and is activated by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The transforming growth factor-β1...