The circulation structure surrounding the Qingdao cold water mass in 2019 was investigated using three-dimensional ensembles of numerical simulations. This study reveals that a cold pool appears in early spring and reaches its peak in late May, and this pool is accompanied by local seasonal anticyclonic circulation. Momentum diagnostics reveal that vertical friction cannot be ignored because of the shallow topography and surfa...

The Genealogical Evolution Model (GEM) presented here is an efficient logical model used to track dynamic evolution of mesoscale eddies in the ocean. It can distinguish between different dynamic processes (e.g., merging and splitting) within a dynamic evolution pattern, which is difficult to accomplish using other tracking methods. To this end, the GEM first uses a two-dimensional (2-D) similarity vector (i.e., a pair of ratio...