Surge-type glaciers are widely developed in mountainous areas around the world. Understanding the trigger mechanism of glacier surge is a prerequisite for addressing their impacts on hydrological assessments, disentangling climate-glacier linkages, and mitigating downstream hazards. Most glacier surges occur in the compound glaciers; however, attention paid to the trigger mechanisms of such surges is minimal. This study confir...

In early 2008, densely populated areas of Asia suffered significant societal losses due to widespread cold extremes. Previous studies have suggested that variations in Arctic sea ice might influence the occurrence of Asian Winter Cold Extremes (AWCE). However, there is still debate over the precise nature and geographical specificity of these teleconnections. This study analyzes the frequency of AWCE from 1979 to 2024, and sho...