Nitrogen deposition often promotes plant invasions and can arise from multiple sources. However, it remains unclear whether native legumes facilitate invasive plants directly through biotic nitrogen transfer or indirectly via soil microbial mediation. It is also unknown how exogenous nitrogen addition influences these facilitative effects. To address these questions, we combined evidence from a greenhouse experiment and global...

Surge-type glaciers are widely developed in mountainous areas around the world. Understanding the trigger mechanism of glacier surge is a prerequisite for addressing their impacts on hydrological assessments, disentangling climate-glacier linkages, and mitigating downstream hazards. Most glacier surges occur in the compound glaciers; however, attention paid to the trigger mechanisms of such surges is minimal. This study confir...