Vestibular efferent neurons in the brainstem provide direct cholinergic innervation to peripheral vestibular organs, thereby modulating their sensory responsiveness. In this study, a genetically targeted mouse model with choline acetyltransferase-driven fluorescent labeling enabled the precise localization of these neurons to the dorsolateral region of the genu of the facial nerve. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in acute br...

The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2), featuring the advanced topographic laser altimeter system (ATLAS), pioneered spaceborne photon-counting LiDAR technology. The first spaceborne laser system in Earth’s orbit with water detection capabilities, offers a more direct approach for charting the bathymetry and underwater topography in coastal waters. However, the refraction effect of water column on light is n...