Precipitation regimes across peninsular Spain have undergone a structural reorganisation toward low‐intensity dominance over the past six decades (1961–2022), driven by redistribution across intensity classes rather than monotonic changes in totals. These findings are derived from a dense observational network of 2096 rain gauges. Rather than focusing solely on precipitation totals or extremes, we introduce a redistribution‐ba...

This study provides a comprehensive assessment of long‐term changes in dry‐spell dynamics across Spain for the period 1961–2024, using both classical non‐parametric methods and a novel non‐stationary probabilistic framework applied to exceedance series of dry‐spell durations. Using daily precipitation data from a dense network of quality‐controlled stations, dry‐spells were identified based on four thresholds (0.1, 1, 5, and 1...

This study introduces the first high-resolution hazard probability maps of extreme precipitation for Spain, marking a significant step toward a national climate service for hydrometeorological extremes. Using long-term daily precipitation records from a dense network of stations and incorporating topographic data, the methodology combines the Generalized Pareto distribution with universal kriging to spatially interpolate distr...

This study analysed widespread extreme precipitation events (WEPEs) across Spain using a high-density network of daily precipitation records, aiming to clarify their spatiotemporal trends and drivers. The findings reveal that WEPEs in Spain show a non-significant trend in either frequency or intensity since 1961, despite the prevailing trend of global warming. Nevertheless, atmospheric circulation plays a key role in shaping W...

In this study we propose a novel approach to standardising drought indices that offers flexibility tailored to local conditions. This involves employing different probability distributions and the Akaike Information Criterion to identify the most appropriate distribution for each region and variable. Following this approach, our proposed methodology enhances the accuracy and comparability across different spatial and temporal...

Understanding long-term vegetation dynamics in protected areas is crucial for assessing ecosystem resilience and informing adaptive management strategies. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of vegetation trends across Spain’s National Park Network from 1984 to 2023, using Landsat imagery processed in Google Earth Engine. Twelve national parks, representing diverse biogeographical regions and ecosystems, were analyzed...