Malaria is a major public health burden in South Sudan, one of the most malaria-endemic countries worldwide. In 2020, approximately 2.3 million cases and 4,500 deaths were reported. This study developed and analyzed a deterministic malaria transmission model incorporating transfusion-mediated infections and distinct diurnal and nocturnal mosquito biting rates. Using surveillance data from Central Equatoria State (CES), Warrap...

This study aims to optimize the production of activated carbon from discarded disposable diapers (D3AC) using Box–Behnken design (BBD) under response surface methodology. Biochar (D3B) was initially produced via carbonization at 900 °C for 90 min under nitrogen flow, followed by physical activation with CO 2 . The BBD model demonstrated strong reliability (R 2 = 0.9972), effectively predicting the influence of activation tempe...