The safety of using ethanol-based products for hygienic hand disinfection in healthcare workers is controlled by restricting air levels. This raises the question of whether these workers are sufficiently protected against potential dermal absorption. The study aim was to determine the contribution of the dermal route to the total uptake of ethanol. A laboratory-controlled study of 25 sequential alcohol-based-hand-rubs (ABHRs)...

In the reaction of aquacobalamin (aquaCbl) with chlorite, a stable species is detected and assigned as a Co(III)–chlorite complex, Co(III)–OClO − . Its UV–Vis spectrum is almost identical to that of aquaCbl, except for some minor differences at ~ 430 nm; cyanide can eliminate and prevent these changes. The 1 H-NMR spectra reveal strong influences of chlorite on the B2 and B4 protons of the cobalt-bound dimethyl benzimidazole l...

The ferryl state in globins has previously been reported to undergo a protonation event below pH 5, as assessed using pH jump experiments with stopped-flow UV–Vis spectroscopy. This protonation entails hypsochromic shifts in the α and β bands (~ 20 to 40 nm) and an ~ 10 nm reduction in the energy difference between these two bands. We now report that in Mb this event is also characterized by a hypsochromic shift in the Soret b...

Water content plays a significant role in magma genesis, ascent rate, and, ultimately, in the style and intensity of volcanic eruptions, due to its control on the density, viscosity and melting behaviour of silicate melts. A reliable method for determining the pre-eruptive magmatic water content is to use phenocrysts of nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) which can preserve water as hydrogen configurations in structural defect...

In the domain of Marine Education and Training (MET), simulators have been utilized for the purpose of training seafarers in the norms for avoiding collisions or for developing the skill of ship manoeuvrability, and even the operation of machinery in the engine room, as well as for conducting research on the subject matter of ship structure, specialized vessel operation, working principle of equipment, and shipboard safety tra...