A modified ZnO adsorbent, named clew-shaped ZnO (CSZN), was introduced as a highly effective material for removing diclofenac (DCF). Compared to smooth ZnO (SZN), CSZN showed a more than 250% increase in adsorption capacity under the same experimental conditions. This improvement was assigned to more active adsorption sites and a larger effective surface area. The study investigated various operating parameters and their effec...