Drought prediction plays a vital role in mitigating the adverse effects of climate variability and ensuring sustainable water resource management. In order to classify drought in the northern Iranian provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran and Guilan, this study assessed the effectiveness of machine learning models such as random forest (RF), AdaBoost, decision tree (DT) and transformer. Historical climate data were preprocessed to...

Postglacial flooding of the Persian Gulf (PG) was important in shaping human history and driving landscape changes in the region. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the postglacial transgression. The position of the PG at the edge of major synoptic systems of the Indian Ocean Summer Monsoon (IOSM) and Mid‐latitude Westerlies (MLW) makes the environment particularly sensitive to Holocene climate shifts. To investigat...

Results from idealized model simulations (a relationship between Caspian Sea level [CSL] with its change of the Caspian Sea [CS] size and CS surface temperature [SST]) are validated and connections are explained. Energy budgets for CS water using proxy observational data (ERA5) are used, especially for the comparison of 1979 and 1995, the two extreme values of the CSL. In 1995, when CSL reached a maximum, there were many El Ni...

Newly available time series of 10‐m winds over last 60 years in the South Caspian Sea (CS) region show a remarkable shift in wind speed in 1995, that is also the year of maximum elevation of the Caspian Sea level (CSL). Our aim is to find the mechanisms linking these two features. This change is not only seen in the wind observations along the Southern CS coast, but also in the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecast...