Human dietary exposure involves multiple contaminants, raising concerns about “cocktail” effects ignored by single-compound risk assessment. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are co-occurring food contaminants requiring cytochrome P450–mediated bioactivation. They both form DNA-reactive metabolites and are classified as genotoxic carcinogens. Here, BaP and AFB1 genotoxicity was evaluated individually and in binary c...

This review comprehensively examines the variability and uncertainty associated with test guideline (TG)-conform genotoxicity data and explores the respective implications for the integration of non-animal-methods (NAMs) into regulatory frameworks. Historical amendments to OECD TGs are mapped to reveal the method’s evolution that improves the scientific quality of the data but also explains data heterogeneity within available...