Contraception has traditionally been used on domesticated and captive animals, but it has also found increasing application in locally overabundant wildlife species. Different immunocontraceptives are available and they vary in their mechanisms, effectiveness, and potential side-effects. In this study, the porcine zona pellucida (pZP)-based vaccine SpayVac ® was administered to red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) in the Bavarian Fores...