Background Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier and delivering functional microRNAs (miRNAs), positioning them as promising vectors for cell-free therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomal miRNAs have emerged as key regulators of interconnected pathogenic pathways, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and protei...

Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is the most prevalent form of leishmaniasis, with infection control primarily dependent on cell-mediated immunity. Lesion healing results from a complex interplay among immune cells and soluble mediators. Using Luminex technology, we evaluated circulating and lesion microenvironment immune mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, in patients with LCL and nonspecifi...