Understanding whether a species’ distribution results from recent and/or anthropogenic events or ancient vicariant factors is critical for conservation planning. The Endangered Sanje mangabey ( Cercocebus sanjei ), endemic to Tanzania’s Udzungwa Mountains, is currently divided into two populations located approximately 100 km apart. These represent distinct evolutionary lineages that diverged around 0.77 million years ago (MYA...

The term mixed-species association has a broad range of definitions, from temporary foraging association to permanent group living. A mixed-species association mostly involves species from closely related taxa and is found in birds, mammals and fish. It ranges from passive association with little interaction to coordinated behavioural interactions between the group members of a mixed-species group. Mixed-species association ca...

Foraging devices are effective enrichment tools for non-human primates, as they provide both cognitive and manipulative stimulation that may enhance these animals’ welfare. We assessed the behavioral effects of a novel tool-based enrichment on 14 chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) housed at Fundació Mona (Girona, Spain). The device consisted of a vertical maze filled with food rewards, which chimpanzees could extract by using too...

The West-African sooty mangabey ( Cercocebus atys ) is threatened by habitat loss, hunting for meat consumption, and mortality during crop-foraging events. The species’ overall demographic trend is unknown. Presence and distribution in Guinea-Bissau, a country neighbored by Senegal and Republic of Guinea, was confirmed in 1946 but the species was declared extinct in 1989 and not observed in subsequent countrywide expeditions....