The pleustonic hydrozoan Velella velella forms extensive surface swarms worldwide. However, its ecology and biogeography in the Mediterranean Sea remain poorly documented. This study aims to investigate the biogeography and phenology of V. velella in the Mediterranean Sea and assess its spatial distribution, seasonal dynamics, and long-term phenological shifts linked to regional warming, while evaluating the contribution of ci...

Biomarkers are increasingly recognized as sensitive indicators of physiological and ecological responses in marine organisms, offering new perspectives for monitoring and ecosystem status assessment. Traditional indices of species composition and biomass, though valuable, often fail to capture early sublethal or functional changes in zooplankton communities. To explore the potential of biomarkers as complementary tools for env...