Key message Trait Genome-to-Phenome (G2P) dimensionality and “breeding context” combine to influence the realised prediction skill of different whole genome prediction (WGP) methods. Theory and empirical evidence both suggest there is likely to be “No Free Lunch” for prediction-based breeding. Ensembles of diverse sets of G2P models provide a framework to expose and investigate the high G2P dimensionality of trait genetic arch...

Key message Climate change and Genotype-by-Environment-by-Management interactions together challenge our strategies for crop improvement. Research to advance prediction methods for breeding and agronomy is opening new opportunities to tackle these challenges and overcome on-farm crop productivity yield-gaps through design of responsive crop improvement strategies. Abstract Genotype-by-Environment-by-Management (G × E × M) inte...