Heavy metal contamination poses a major constraint to plant growth and agricultural productivity by disrupting cellular metabolism and inducing oxidative stress. Exposure to toxic metals results in excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage biomolecules and destabilise cellular homeostasis. Plants mitigate this challenge through a coordinated network of redox-mediated defence mechanisms that includes...

Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a widely used chemical mutagen that induces high-frequency point mutations and has been extensively applied in genetic studies across diverse biological systems. While EMS-based mutagenesis frameworks are well established in plant research, their application in fungal systems remains comparatively fragmented and methodologically inconsistent. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mech...

The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a premier model system for investigating plant evolution, development, and physiology. Its phylogenetic position, haploid-dominant life cycle, and compact genome confer unique advantages for genetic dissection and functional genomics. This review consolidates and evaluates the suite of induced mutagenesis approaches that have been developed and optimized for M. polymorpha . We...

Interstitial fluid (ISF), the extracellular fluid surrounding tissue cells, has emerged as a promising biofluid for biomarker detection and localized physiological monitoring. Although its clinical use remains limited compared with blood or urine, advances in minimally invasive extraction technologies have expanded research interest in its diagnostic and therapeutic potential. ISF shares biochemical similarities with blood but...

Main conclusion The review highlights PGPR (e.g., Pseudomonas spp.) as sustainable, low-cost solution to mitigate drought and Fusarium stress in maize, enhancing yield and resilience. Abstract Maize ( Zea mays L.) is a vital staple crop worldwide, yet its productivity is under growing pressure from the combined effects of drought and Fusarium verticillioides infection. These stresses often occur together, compounding the damag...

Tetragonia decumbens is an edible halophyte that grows naturally in saline environment; however, its tolerance mechanisms are poorly understood for bio-saline agriculture. So, this research was designed to look into how salinity affects vegetative growth, leaf succulence, chlorophyll content, cation accumulation, oxidative stress indicators, and antioxidative defence mechanisms involved in the salt tolerance of T . decumbens ....

The increase in global population which translates to increased demand for food called for urgent attention from key players and policy makers in agricultural sector. Also, the effects of climate change and its consequent biotic and abiotic stresses in plants has greatly affect the sustainability of agriculture and production of food. These challenges require novel and sustainable approaches to improve the quality and yield of...

Main conclusion Plant Biomarkers are objective indicators of a plant’s cellular state in response to abiotic and biotic stress factors. They can be explored in crop breeding and engineering to produce stress-tolerant crop species. Abstract Global food production safely and sustainably remains a top priority to feed the ever-growing human population, expected to reach 10 billion by 2050. However, abiotic and biotic stress facto...