Introduction Systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are potentially modifiable factors implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which offer potential therapeutic targets to slow disease progression. Methods We investigated the relationship between baseline circulating levels of inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1ß) and endothelial cell markers (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin) and 18-month cognitive decline (ADAS-cog12) in 266 mild...

We design physics-informed loss functions for training Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models to forecast the ionospheric vertical Total Electron Content (vTEC) from 1 to 24 hours in advance. The ANN models exploit our physics-informed loss functions, data provided by the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver installed at Tsukuba (36.06 $$^{o}$$ o N, 140.05 $$^{o}$$ o E), Japan, and external drivers (solar and ge...