Microwave radiometers can provide continuous temperature and humidity profiles in the troposphere. This contribution presents data from the long-term deployment (2012–2025) of a passive microwave radiometer in the Inn Valley, Austria. In a first step, an automated quality control procedure was developed and applied to the dataset, resulting in over 42,000 h of data for analysis. Comparison against radiosoundings shows that the...

The closure of the surface energy balance (SEB) in complex terrain remains a persistent challenge. We present a multi-site analysis based on the i-Box network in the Inn Valley, Austria, to characterize the SEB residual ( Res ) normalized by net radiation ( Rn ) across different conditions. Diurnal cycles of Res / Rn and turbulent fluxes show a significant residual, positive (i.e., an energy gain) during the day and negative (...

Eddy-covariance data from five stations in the Inn Valley, Austria, are analyzed for stable conditions to determine the gap scale that separates turbulent from large-scale, non-turbulent motions. The gap scale is identified from (co)spectra calculated from different variables using both Fourier analysis and multi-resolution flux decomposition. A correlation is found between the gap scale and the mean wind speed and stability p...

The funding agency information in the Acknowledgements was not complete in the original publication of the article. The revised Acknowledgments is provided in this erratum.

In this study we introduce a novel extension of an existing Lagrangian particle dispersion model for application over urban areas by explicitly taking into account the urban canopy layer. As commonly done, the original model uses the zero-plane displacement as a lower boundary condition, while the extension reaches to the ground. To achieve this, spatially-averaged parametrizations of flow and turbulence characteristics are cr...

We present a comprehensive analysis of four south föhn events observed during the Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn (PIANO) field campaign in the Inn Valley, Austria, in the vicinity of Innsbruck. The goal is to detect and quantify processes of cold-air pool (CAP) erosion by föhn as well as processes of föhn breakdown. Despite differences in föhn breakthrough and strength, the four cases exhibit similarities in CAP...

The correct simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is crucial for reliable weather forecasts in truly complex terrain. However, common assumptions for model parametrizations are only valid for horizontally homogeneous and flat terrain. Here, we evaluate the turbulence parametrization of the numerical weather prediction model COSMO with a horizontal grid spacing of $$\Delta x = 1.1\,\hbox {km}$$ Δ x = 1.1 km for the...